INTRODUCTION:

Water:

Life depends on water. Since the beginning, creatures have wandered from the waters to live on land, a major key to survival has been the prevention of dehydration.

Preventing dehydration has always been a crucial aspect of living on land. There are common adaptations among many different species, including man. Humans can only survive without water for a few days. However, there are still a lot of unsolved concerns regarding this vital aspect of our nutrition and our health.

This review aims to summarise our current understanding of water, including general patterns of intake and some intake-related factors, complex processes underlying water homeostasis, effects of variation in water intake on wellbeing and energy intake, weight, and human performance and functioning. The effects of dehydration on cognitive function have been studied in several experiments in which dehydration was achieved by fluid restriction, heat exposure, exercise.¹

Examples of population water consumption evaluation are given below to help explain why experimental research are necessary. Beyond these cases of dehydration, the effects of hydration on health and wellbeing, including the effect of water consumption on chronic diseases, are not completely understood.

The majority of the water on Earth's surface, or around 96.5%, is found in seas and oceans. There are negligible amounts of water in the groundwater (1.7%), glaciers and ice caps of Antarctica and Greenland (1.7%), clouds (made up of ice and liquid water suspended in air) and precipitation (0.001%) of the atmosphere. The water cycle involves continuous movement of water of evaporation, condensation, precipitation.²

Types of heavy metals present in water are chromium, lead, mercury, arsenic, copper, nickel.³

Himachal pradesh lakes description:

Lakes in H.P.: Himachal Pradesh has 27 natural lakes with an area of 15 hectares and 5 artificial lakes with an area of 712 hectares. They are spread over an altitude range of 450 to 5093 mitres. Above sea level and cover tropical, sub-tropical and the alpine regions of the state. One percent of Himachal climate is covered by some lakes, rivers and glaciers, some of which are natural heritage dating back millions of years from the land, they are fed by streams of pure snow melt or by ground water springs. Practically without exception, they are held sacred or at the very least, have fascinating legends lapping their crystal-clear waters. Others lakes are far more recent and are made reservoirs. Many are sources of the rivers that start as tiny streams and grow to become the giants that feed the fertile valleys of the state and the genetic plains of worth India. Several are home to a variety of resident and migratory birds, and a host of aquatic life. Different fish category’s have different heavy metal intake capacity.⁴

These water bodies have also opened a tremendous range of activity and adventure that includes boating, swimming, canoeing, and water-skating and fishing.

Himri ganga:

The Himari Ganga is found within the Mandi district's Padhar. The most popular area in Padhar Town, Mandi District, is Himari Ganga. Hindus is well known for Himari Ganga. A cool and beautiful area, it is surrounded by mountains. Himari Ganga, a hill town in Himachal Pradesh, is additionally known as "Dev Bhoomi" or the "place of the gods." The best months to visit this area are January, February, and August through October when the climate is wonderful and visitors can make the most of the area. One of Himachal Pradesh's most stunning hill towns, Dyana Park green forest covers, Gupt Ganga waterfalls, Dev Sutardhari brahma, and Himari Ganga temples can all be found in Himari Ganga.

Himari Ganga Temple which is dedicated by Dev Hurang Narayan, this is often one of the most important deities of Hinduism and Mandi area. The place is also popular for a religion fair.

A fair held for one day within the month of September each year. It is arranged in Padhar Tehsil. The climate of Himari Ganga is mix having hot summers and cold winters. Many visitors visit on this time in this place. Himari Ganga comes under the Gram Panchayat Siun. People of Himari Ganga are casually called Mandyals. Mandyali language is generally used at a local level for communication.

Picture 1: Himri Ganga Water

Limit test:

It is defined as quantitative and qualitative test design to identify and control small quantity of impurity which is likely to be present in the substance.

· It is done to determine inorganic impurities in a compound.

· Limit test for Cl, SO₄¬2-, Fe, Pb and heavy metals are carried out in Nessler cylinder (they are made up of borosilicate glass, i.e.- colorless).

Limit test for chlorides:

Requirements:

Chemicals: NaCl, Dilute HNO₃. 0.1M AgNO₃, Distilled water.

Apparatus: Beaker, Volumetric flasks, Measuring cylinders. Nessler cylinder, Pipettes, Glass rod, Weighing balance.

Procedure:

1. Preparation of 0.1M AgNO₃:

· Take 4.2g of AgNO₃ in beaker and makeup to 250 ml with distilled water.

· Molarity-Moles of solute/liters solution

0.1×169.87×250/1000 = 4.24g

2. Preparation of dilute HNO₃:

· Std. Solution of HNO₃’16M/16N

· Dilute HNO₃ 5M/5N in distilled water (as per required)

· Molarity = M₁V₁=M₂V₂

16M×V1 = 5M × 100

V₁5M × 100/16 = 31.25ml conc. HNO₃in 100 ml distilled water.

3. Preparation of standard solution: Take 25ppm NaCl solution in 10ml distilled water. Transfer in Nessler cylinder. Now add 10ml dil. HNO₃ solution and makeup with distilled water upto 50ml. Add 1ml 0.1M AgNO₃ solution. Stir with glass rod. Set aside for 5min. Compare the opalescence of sample with standard solution.

4. Preparation of test 1 solution: Take 10ml test sample in Nessler cylinder. Now add 10ml dil. HNO₃ solution. And make up to 50ml with distilled water. Now add 1ml 0.1M AgNO₃ solution into it. Stir with glass rod and set aside for 5 min. Compare the opalescence of sample test with standard solution.

5. Preparation of test 2 solution: Take 1ml test sample and 9ml distilled water in Nessler cylinder. Now add 10ml dil. HNO₃ solution and make up to 50ml with distilled water. Now add 1ml 0.1M AgNO₃ solution into it. Stir with glass rod and set aside for 5 min. Compare the opalescence of sample test with standard solution.⁸

6. Observation: Chloride present in lesser amount as compare to standard solution but within the limit.

Limit test for sulphates:

Requirements:

Chemicals: BaCl₂, Dilute HCl, K₂SO₄, Distilled water

Apparatus: Beaker, Volumetric flasks, Measuring cylinders. Nessler cylinder, Pipettes, Glass rod, Weighing balance.

Procedure:

Preparation of 15% BaCl₂ Solution: Take 15g of BaCl₂ in 100ml volumetric flask and make up to 100ml with distilled water.

1. Preparation of dilute HCl: Take 10ml of conc. HCl in volumetric flask and make up to 100ml with distilled water (10%/10:1)

2. Preparation of 0.189%/0.2%w/v sulphate solution: Take 0.2g of potassium sulphate (K₂SO₄) in 100ml volumetric flask and dissolve in 100ml distilled water.

3. Preparation of standard sulphate standard solution: Take 1ml of 0.18%/0.2% w/v K₂SO₄ in Nessler cylinder. Now add 2ml of dilute HCl in it. Make up to the volume 45ml with distilled water. Now add 15% BaCl₂ solution and allow to stand for 5min. White turbid precipitates produced.

4. Preparation of standard sulphate test solution: Take 1ml of test sample in Nessler cylinder. Now add 2ml of dilute HCl in it. Make up to the volume 45ml with distilled water. Now add 15% BaCl₂ solution. Stir and allow to stand for 5min. White turbid precipitates produced.⁹

According to IP:

Sulphates:

{NOTE - The solutions used for this test should be prepared with distilled water.}

· To 1.0ml of a 25.0 per cent w/v solution of barium chloride in a Nessler cylinder add 1.5ml of ethanolic sulphate standard solution (10ppm SO₄), mix and allow to stand for 1 minute. Add 15ml of the solution prepared as directed in the monograph or a solution of the specified quantity of the substance under examination in 15 ml of water and 0.15ml of 5M acetic acid. Add sufficient water to produce 50ml. stir immediately with a glass rod and allow to stand for 5 minutes. When viewed transversely against a black background any opalescence produced is not more intense than that obtained by treating in the same manner 15ml of sulphate standard solution (10 ppm SO₄) in place of the solution under examination.

5. Preparation of 5m acetic acid: Take 15.013ml of acetic acid in 50ml volumetric flask and make up to 50ml with distilled water.

6. Preparation of ethanolic sulphate 10ppm solution:

· Preparation of 0.189%/0.2%w/v sulphate solution: Take 0.2g of potassium sulphate (K₂SO₄) in 100ml volumetric flask and dissolve in 100ml distilled water.

· Preparation on 30%ethanole solution: Take 30ml ethanol in volumetric flask and make up to 100ml with distilled water.

· Preparation of ethanolic sulphate solution: Take 1ml of 0.18%w/v of prepared sulphate solution in volumetric flask and make up the volume up to 100ml with 30% ethanol solution.^6,10

· Observation: Sulphate absent in sample as compare to standard solution but within the limit.

Limit test for iron:

Requirements:

Chemicals: Ferric ammonium sulphate, 20% wt/v iron free citric acid. Iron free ammonia. Thioglycolic acid, Distilled water.

Apparatus: Beaker, Volumetric flasks, Measuring cylinders. Nessler cylinder, Pipettes, Glass rod, Weighing balance.

Procedure:

· Preparation of 20%w/v iron free citric acid: Take 20g of citric acid in 100 ml distilled water.

· Preparation of standard iron solution: Weigh accurately ferric ammonium sulphate (0.18g) and dissolve in 10ml solution of 0.1N H₂SO₄and add sufficient water to produce 1000ml. Each ml of this contains 0.02mg of Fe. Take two 50ml Nessler’s cylinders. Label one as Test and the other as Standard.

· Preparation of standard compound: Dilute 2ml standard iron solution and add 40ml distilled water in Nessler cylinder. Now add 2ml 20%w/v iron free citric acid. Now add 0.1ml thioglycolic acid. Stir with glass rod and add ammonia solution to make it alkaline. Now dilute up to 50ml with distilled water. Allow to stand for 5 minutes. Compare the purple color of test solution with standard solution.

· Preparation of test solution: Take 2ml of test sample and add 40ml distilled water in Nessler cylinder. Now add 2ml 20%w/v iron free citric acid. Now add 0.1ml thioglycolic acid. Stir with glass rod and add ammonia solution to make it alkaline. Now dilute up to 50ml with distilled water. Allow to stand for 5 minutes. Compare the purple color of test solution with standard solution.^9,11

According to IP:

Dissolve the specified quantity of the substance under examination in water, or prepare a solution as directed in the monograph, and transfer to a Nessler cylinder. Add 2 ml of a 20 percent w/v solution of iron free citric acid and 0.1 ml of thioglycolic acid, mix, make alkaline with iron-free ammonia solution, dilute to 50 ml with water and allow to stand for 5 minutes. Any color produced is not more intense than that obtained by treating in the same manner 2.0ml of iron standard solution (20 ppm Fe) in place of the solution under examination.

· Preparation of standard solution: Take 2ml of 20ppm ferric ammonium sulphate solution and add 40ml distilled water in Nessler cylinder. Now add 2ml 20%w/v iron free citric acid. Now add 0.1ml thioglycolic acid. Stir with glass rod and add ammonia solution to make it alkaline. Now dilute up to 50ml with distilled water. Allow to stand for 5 minutes. Compare the purple color of test solution with standard solution.

Observation: The amount of iron is absent in sample as compare to standard solution but within the limit.

RESULT:

This analysis involves the testing of the water samples of Himri Ganga. To determine the water samples, various limit tests were performed i.e., limit test for sulphate, iron and chloride.

· On performing limit test of chloride, it was observed that amount of Chloride present in lesser amount as compare to standard solution but within the limit.

· On performing limit test of iron, it was observed that iron is absent in the sample as compare to standard solution but within the limit.

· On preforming limit test of sulphate, it was observed that sulphate is absent in the sample as compare to standard solution but within the limit.

CONCLUSION:

It was concluded that, qualitative analysis of Himri ganga water sample is a critical step in determining the quality and safety of the water for human use. In this research of Himri Ganga sample, it has the least level of iron, sulphate, and chloride, that makes it safe to drink. It is crucial to remember that water quality can alter over time as a result of a variety of circumstances, including contamination of the environment and natural disasters. As a result, regular water source monitoring is required to guarantee that the water is safe for consumption. Overall, the study's findings can be used to guide practices and policies targeted at maintaining access.

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Received on 12.09.2023 Revised on 11.03.2024

Accepted on 23.06.2024 Published on 10.12.2024

Available online on December 30, 2024

Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis. 2024; 14(4):247-250.

DOI: 10.52711/2231-5675.2024.00044